Amino Acids

The 20 standard amino acids are distinguished by their side chains (R groups), which determine protein structure, functi...

Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by humans and must be obtained from the diet. These nine amino acids have co...

Chirality in amino acids arises from the tetrahedral α-carbon bearing four different substituents. All proteinogenic ami...

Proline analogs like hydroxyproline, fluoroprolines, and azetidine carboxylic acids modify backbone geometry, cis/trans ...